{"id":740,"date":"2022-06-16T13:16:21","date_gmt":"2022-06-16T11:16:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/?page_id=740"},"modified":"2026-08-07T15:18:24","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T07:18:24","slug":"mishkin-qalam-biography","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/mishkin-qalam-biography\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"740\" class=\"elementor elementor-740\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b97f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b4b97f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23df8e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"23df8e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t \r\n<style>\r\n.mq{\r\n  text-align:center; padding:clamp(40px,9vw,90px) clamp(16px,5vw,40px);\r\n  background:transparent; color:#cec5b1;\r\n  font-family:'Cormorant Garamond',Georgia,serif;\r\n}\r\n.mq h1{ margin:0; font-weight:300; }\r\n.mq .eyebrow{\r\n  display:block; margin-bottom:clamp(12px,3vw,18px); padding-left:.42em;\r\n  font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace; font-size:clamp(9px,2.6vw,11px);\r\n  letter-spacing:.42em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#b8935a;\r\n}\r\n.mq .name{\r\n  display:block; white-space:nowrap; line-height:1; letter-spacing:.01em;\r\n  font-size:clamp(28px,10.5vw,92px);\r\n  background:linear-gradient(100deg,#c9a24b 0%,#b8935a 18%,#f0dcae 40%,#fff6df 50%,#f0dcae 60%,#c9a24b 82%,#b8935a 100%);\r\n  background-size:220% auto; -webkit-background-clip:text; background-clip:text;\r\n  -webkit-text-fill-color:transparent; color:transparent;\r\n  animation:mq-shimmer 5.5s linear infinite;\r\n}\r\n@keyframes mq-shimmer{ from{background-position:200% center} to{background-position:-200% center} }\r\n.mq .dates{\r\n  display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; flex-wrap:wrap;\r\n  gap:clamp(10px,3vw,16px); margin:clamp(16px,3.5vw,22px) 0 0;\r\n}\r\n.mq .rule{ height:1px; width:clamp(24px,8vw,46px); background:linear-gradient(90deg,transparent,#c9a24b); }\r\n.mq .rule.right{ background:linear-gradient(90deg,#c9a24b,transparent); }\r\n.mq .range{\r\n  padding-left:.3em; white-space:nowrap;\r\n  font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace; font-size:clamp(9px,2.8vw,11px);\r\n  letter-spacing:.3em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#b8935a;\r\n}\r\n.mq .quote{\r\n  max-width:45ch; margin:clamp(22px,5vw,30px) auto 0;\r\n  font-style:italic; font-weight:300; line-height:1.55;\r\n  font-size:clamp(17px,4.6vw,25px); color:#cec5b1;\r\n}\r\n.mq .quote .em{ color:#f0dcae; }\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){ .mq .name{ animation:none; background-position:0 center } }\r\n<\/style>\r\n \r\n<div class=\"mq\">\r\n  <h1>\r\n    <span class=\"eyebrow\">The Official Biography of<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"name\">Mishk\u00edn-Qalam<\/span>\r\n  <\/h1>\r\n \r\n  <p class=\"dates\">\r\n    <span class=\"rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"range\"><time datetime=\"1824\">1824<\/time> \u00b7 Shiraz \u2014 <time datetime=\"1912\">1912<\/time> \u00b7 \u02bbAkk\u00e1<\/span>\r\n    <span class=\"rule right\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n  <\/p>\r\n \r\n  <p class=\"quote\"><span class=\"em\">\u201cA second M\u00edr \u02bbIm\u00e1d\u201d<\/span> \u2014 poet, astronomer, mystic, and the pen behind the dawn of a new age.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f4d5f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f4d5f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f25f913\" data-id=\"f25f913\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e9903e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e9903e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b270234\" data-id=\"b270234\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42492b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42492b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Master calligrapher, poet, astronomer, and mystic of 19th-century Persia, and creator of the calligraphic design of the <a href=\"#\">Greatest Name<\/a> used by Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds worldwide.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8352700 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8352700\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Mishk\u00edn-Qalam (1824\u20131912), a title meaning <em>&#8220;The Musk-scented Jet-Black Pen,&#8221;<\/em> was one of the foremost calligraphers of 19th-century Persia. Born M\u00edrz\u00e1 \u1e24usayn-i-Isfah\u00e1n\u00ed, he rose from a chance encounter in a Tehran bazaar to a post at the royal court, then gave up that comfortable life for his beliefs in unity of humankind. His devotion cost him arrest, nine years of imprisonment in Cyprus, and a lifetime of exile, yet he never stopped creating. His rendering of the Greatest Name is still used by Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds around the world, and his work hangs today in collections including the <a href=\"https:\/\/harvardartmuseums.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harvard Art Museums<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f74227\" data-id=\"7f74227\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8324db3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8324db3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/MQ-8-798x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1959\" alt=\"Historic photograph of Mishkin-Qalam standing beside one of his calligraphic artworks\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/MQ-8-798x1024.jpg 798w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/MQ-8-600x770.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/MQ-8-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/MQ-8-768x985.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/MQ-8.jpg 952w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a21905 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4a21905\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2913f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d2913f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Who Was Mishk\u00edn-Qalam?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91ac18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91ac18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mishk\u00edn-Qalam was the leading calligrapher of Persia in his day, celebrated across the Persian world and beyond for a hand of extraordinary beauty and range. \u02bb<a href=\"#\">Abdu&#8217;l-Bah\u00e1<\/a> described him as a second <a href=\"#\">M\u00edr \u02bbIm\u00e1d<\/a>, comparing him to the most famous Persian calligrapher of the <a href=\"#\">Safavid age<\/a>. He was also a poet, a skilled astronomer, and a noted mystic, and before becoming a Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed he belonged to the Ni\u02bbmatu&#8217;ll\u00e1h\u00ed Sufi order. He is best remembered for figural calligraphy, in which sacred phrases are shaped into living forms, most famously a rooster composed of Arabic letters that symbolises the dawn of a new day. His design of the invocation <em>&#8220;<a href=\"#\">Y\u00e1 Bah\u00e1\u02bcu&#8217;l-Abh\u00e1<\/a>&#8220;<\/em> became the calligraphic form of the<a href=\"#\"> Greatest Name<\/a> recognised by Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds everywhere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b5f463 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b5f463\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb77a2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb77a2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"879\" height=\"609\" src=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/21.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1874\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/21.jpg 879w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/21-600x416.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/21-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/21-768x532.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 879px) 100vw, 879px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6d600 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7f6d600\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/16.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1829\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/16.jpg 668w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/16-600x406.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/16-300x203.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94296c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b94296c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"670\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1804\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2.jpg 670w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-600x474.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/2-300x237.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26d3fea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26d3fea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce7344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ce7344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Early Life and Family<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9273e70 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9273e70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bcde5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0bcde5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b28097 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b28097\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Harold_f_Weston_-_Iran23.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"502\" height=\"311\" src=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Harold_f_Weston_-_Iran23.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2885\" alt=\"Painting of Gate of Shiraz by Harold F Weston\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Harold_f_Weston_-_Iran23.jpg 502w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Harold_f_Weston_-_Iran23-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Harold_f_Weston_-_Iran23-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83516b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83516b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Harold_f_Weston_-_Iran23.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Gate of Shiraz&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Harold F Weston, Qur&#8217;an Gate, Shiraz, Iran\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d721b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d721b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c92bb0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c92bb0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mishk\u00edn-Qalam was born M\u00edrz\u00e1 \u1e24usayn-i-Isfah\u00e1n\u00ed in 1824, in Shiraz, in the province of Fars. His parents, Fatimih and Haji Muhammad \u02bbAliy-i-Isfah\u00e1n\u00ed, came from merchant families with roots in Shiraz, and the family was associated with Isfahan, where he received his early education. From childhood, he was drawn to the many styles of Persian calligraphy and painting. He married in Isfahan; his wife was Agha Bigum, and they had a daughter, Shah Bigum, and a son, Mirza Ali-Akbar.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-005bbc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"005bbc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"215\">Note:<\/strong> Although a small number of published sources have identified Isfahan as Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s birthplace, the weight of historical evidence supports <strong data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"369\">Shiraz<\/strong>. This conclusion is consistent with the research of <span class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"><span class=\"whitespace-normal\">Hasan M. Balyuzi<\/span><\/span> and has been independently verified through the extensive archival research undertaken for this biography by documentary director and producer <span class=\"hover:entity-accent entity-underline inline cursor-pointer align-baseline\"><span class=\"whitespace-normal\">Arman Arian<\/span><\/span>. Accordingly, this biography identifies <strong data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"691\">Shiraz<\/strong> as Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s birthplace.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2ff00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c2ff00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">When Was Mishk\u00edn-Qalam Born?<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c97a1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c97a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The exact year of Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s birth has never been fully settled. Published estimates range from about 1810 to 1826: the 1992 monograph on his art gives 1826, while a note in that same volume records a family account of 1810. This biography places his birth in <strong>1824<\/strong>, a date drawn from works of his youth that he inscribed with his age beside his signature. Because the creation dates of those works are known, his year of birth can be calculated from them, and the result has been reviewed with historians.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0914364 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0914364\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3315bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3315bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Fingernail Portrait That Changed His Life<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc7b894 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc7b894\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca31670 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca31670\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6659713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6659713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"586\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Tehran_Bazaar_old.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2886\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Tehran_Bazaar_old.jpg 586w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Tehran_Bazaar_old-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Tehran_Bazaar_old-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 586px) 100vw, 586px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c2821b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c2821b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tehran_Bazaar_old.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">&#8220;Illustration of The Grand Bazaar of Tehran&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Unknown Artist<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b24e2a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6b24e2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef524cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef524cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"216:1-216:493;21280-21772\">When Mishk\u00edn-Qalam was about 25, his father died during a business trip to Tehran, and the young artist travelled to the capital to settle the family&#8217;s affairs. While sitting in the shop of a friend, he watched the Grand Vizier pass by in the regal dress of his office. A gifted artist even in his youth, Mishk\u00edn-Qalam sketched the minister&#8217;s likeness using nothing but the impression of his fingernail on paper, a feat he had perfected. He left the portrait with the shopkeeper and departed.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"218:1-218:338;21774-22111\">When the Grand Vizier passed the shop again, the shopkeeper showed him the drawing. The minister was so delighted, and so determined to meet its creator, that the shopkeeper searched until he found the young man and arranged an introduction. That meeting opened the door to the royal court and changed the course of Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s life.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fb4fed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fb4fed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Service in the Persian Royal Court<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1db57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e1db57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Grand Vizier presented Mishk\u00edn-Qalam at the royal court to Naser al-Din Shah, the ruler of Persia. Recognising the young man&#8217;s extraordinary talent, the Shah granted him the title by which he is still known, &#8220;Mishk\u00edn-Qalam,&#8221; and appointed him tutor to the Crown Prince in Tabriz. For several years he lived in Tabriz, teaching the Crown Prince and other members of the royal family, his reputation as a calligrapher now established at the highest level of the empire.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfcc9e7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bfcc9e7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a8c79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"58a8c79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Mishk\u00edn-Qalam Became a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4bdf3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4bdf3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"244:1-244:609;24089-24697\">During a journey home to visit his family in Isfahan, Mishk\u00edn-Qalam fell into conversation with a believer named Siyyid Mihdi, who first told him of the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed Faith and its founder, Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h. The encounter moved him so deeply that, without informing the court or his family, he set out to find Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h, who was then exiled in Adrianople, in Ottoman territory. On the way he stopped at Aleppo, where the governor, Jawdat Pasha, engaged him to tutor his children. It was in Aleppo that he met the celebrated Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed teacher and historian Nab\u00edl-i-Zarand\u00ed, who deepened his understanding of the new Faith.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"246:1-246:537;24699-25235\">Mishk\u00edn-Qalam then continued to Adrianople, where he entered the presence of Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h and became one of his scribes. There he began to write out the invocation <em>&#8220;Y\u00e1 Bah\u00e1\u02bcu&#8217;l-Abh\u00e1,&#8221;<\/em> the Greatest Name, in many forms, some shaped like birds, and it was his rendering of this phrase that became the design used by Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds to this day. He came to be counted among the nineteen Apostles of Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h, a small circle of the Faith&#8217;s most devoted early followers, an allegiance that would shape, and gravely endanger, the rest of his life.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6db93 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f6db93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b1b32e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b1b32e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Constantinople, Arrest, and Exile to Cyprus<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262820f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"262820f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h later directed Mishk\u00edn-Qalam to Constantinople (Istanbul), where his art quickly won the admiration of leading Persians and Turks, and where he taught the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed Faith openly. The Persian ambassador, alarmed, pressed the Ottoman authorities to act against him, portraying him as an agitator. He was arrested and sent to Gallipoli, arriving on 16 August 1868, a day before Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h and his companions passed through on their way to exile in \u02bbAkk\u00e1. When the exiles were assigned their destinations, Mishk\u00edn-Qalam and three other Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds were separated from the main party at Haifa and sent instead to Cyprus. From 1868 to 1877 he was held prisoner in the fortress of Famagusta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f0ae2a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0f0ae2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a75376 elementor-absolute elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2a75376\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"794\" height=\"1123\" src=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/rooster_gold.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2880\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/rooster_gold.png 794w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/rooster_gold-212x300.png 212w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/rooster_gold-724x1024.png 724w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/rooster_gold-768x1086.png 768w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/rooster_gold-8x12.png 8w, https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/rooster_gold-600x849.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd73f74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd73f74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Art in the Abyss<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9dc7c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9dc7c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Where darkness is absolute, every ivory stroke of <span style=\"color: #f2e1b9;\">light<\/span> speaks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7485dbf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7485dbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33c03bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33c03bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reunion in \u02bbAkk\u00e1 and the Years of Service<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b59ecb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b59ecb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"272:1-272:491;27548-28038\">When Cyprus passed from Ottoman to British administration, Mishk\u00edn-Qalam was released, and in 1886 he was at last able to make his way to \u02bbAkk\u00e1 and rejoin Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h. There he devoted himself to transcribing the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed writings and to creating works of art, described by those who knew him as a man of constant good cheer and quick wit. He completed two volumes of Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h&#8217;s writings, which were printed in Bombay, and he produced a celebrated copy of the Hidden Words in his own hand.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"274:1-274:445;28040-28484\">After Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h passed away in 1892, Mishk\u00edn-Qalam continued his services under \u02bbAbdu&#8217;l-Bah\u00e1. In 1905 he was sent to India to assist with Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed publishing, and he remained there until illness led \u02bbAbdu&#8217;l-Bah\u00e1 to invite him back to the Holy Land, where he spent his final years. Across his life his exile carried him through three continents, from Persia and the Ottoman lands of Asia to Cyprus in Europe and, in his later travels, to Africa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4cffd6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b4cffd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c30cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07c30cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Master of Calligraphy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d01f73b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d01f73b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mishk\u00edn-Qalam commanded every major style of Persian and Arabic calligraphy, including nasta&#8217;l\u00edq, naskh, and shikastih, and he sometimes combined several styles in a single work; one surviving masterpiece renders verses of Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h in seven principal scripts. He also mastered mirror script and the tradition of figural calligraphy, shaping sacred words into the forms of birds and other images. His most famous motif, the rooster, draws on an old Persian association of the bird with light and the herald of dawn, and stands for the daybreak of a new age. Annemarie Schimmel, the eminent scholar of Islamic calligraphy, counted him among the finest calligraphers of his era and traced his crisp, luminous hand to the tradition of the great Safavid master M\u00edr \u02bbIm\u00e1d. He is also remembered as the first Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed artist to use calligraphy and painting to express his religious convictions, and his influence can be seen in later masters of the art.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cf37e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2cf37e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>You can explore a curated <a href=\"\/mishkin-qalam-calligraphic-works\/\">selection of his work<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b15c087 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b15c087\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f18201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f18201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Timeline: The Life of Mishk\u00edn-Qalam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-121127b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"121127b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c673f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c673f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Death and Legacy<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-968a577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"968a577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mishk\u00edn-Qalam died on 6 December 1912 in \u02bbAkk\u00e1 and was buried near Bahji. Among his last works was the design of the calligraphic inscriptions carved on the marble sarcophagus, presented by the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds of Burma, that holds the remains of the B\u00e1b. He left behind not only transcriptions of the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed writings but hundreds of calligraphic works that survive in Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed archives, in Holy Places, in private homes, and in museums; his golden rooster is among the treasures of the Harvard Art Museums. Above all, his design of the Greatest Name endures as part of the daily visual life of the worldwide Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed community, and later calligraphers continue to work in his shadow.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7826ff2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7826ff2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc698de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc698de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Where to See Mishk\u00edn-Qalam's Work Today<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28e8c68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28e8c68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"331:1-331:111;34544-34654\">Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s art survives in public institutions, in Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed archives and Holy Places, and in private hands:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Harvard Art Museums<\/strong> (formerly the Arthur M. Sackler Museum), home to his golden rooster:\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>The British Museum:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/li><li><strong>The Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed World Centre, Haifa<\/strong>, including the International Archives Building<\/li><li><strong>The Mansion of Bahji, \u02bbAkk\u00e1<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"337:1-337:433;35031-35463\">Many of his finest pieces are privately owned and rarely seen in public. For this project, the documentary&#8217;s producers have visited a number of these private collections in person, and several works have now been documented for the first time. This first-hand access, together with the collection reproduced in the 1992 monograph on his art, makes this one of the most complete records of Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s work gathered in one place.<\/p><p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"339:1-339:150;35465-35614\">For a curated selection with full provenance, sizes, and locations, visit the dedicated page on his Calligraphic Works.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e7b2fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3e7b2fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8597e79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8597e79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Book on Mishk\u00edn-Qalam's Art<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e3ca54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e3ca54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"347:1-347:469;35917-36385\">The most substantial published record of Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s art is the 1992 monograph <em>Mishk\u00edn-Qalam: XIX Century Artist &amp; Calligrapher<\/em> (Persian title: <em>\u0645\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0647\u0646\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645<\/em>). It gathers reproductions of his calligraphy with introductory essays by Dr. Vahid Rafati and Professor Annemarie Schimmel, and it remains one of the very few dedicated studies of his work. The calligraphy reproduced in that volume is the same collection presented on this site.<\/p><ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3 print:block print:space-y-1\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sourcepos=\"349:1-354:39;36387-36834\"><li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\" data-sourcepos=\"349:1-349:101;36387-36487\"><strong>Title:<\/strong> Mishk\u00edn-Qalam: XIX Century Artist &amp; Calligrapher (\u0645\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0647\u0646\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645)<\/li><li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\" data-sourcepos=\"350:1-350:163;36488-36650\"><strong>Essays \/ contributors:<\/strong> Vahid Rafati and Annemarie Schimmel (introductions); produced by the Society for Persian Letters &amp; Arts, Landegg Academy, Switzerland<\/li><li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\" data-sourcepos=\"351:1-351:43;36651-36693\"><strong>Language:<\/strong> Persian, with some English<\/li><li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\" data-sourcepos=\"352:1-352:63;36694-36756\"><strong>First published:<\/strong> 1992, in Darmstadt, Germany, by Reyhani<\/li><li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\" data-sourcepos=\"353:1-353:39;36757-36795\"><strong>Format:<\/strong> 8\u00bd \u00d7 11 inches, 87 pages<\/li><li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\" data-sourcepos=\"354:1-354:39;36796-36834\"><strong>ISBN:<\/strong> 3906714012 (3-90671-401-2)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b759867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b759867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Register your interest to purchase a copy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65fc9f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"65fc9f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c68a03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c68a03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Award-Winning Mishk\u00edn-Qalam Documentary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39340f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"39340f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s life and art are the subject of an award-winning documentary film, which has won Best Documentary at multiple international festivals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ac7263 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4ac7263\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79cc95c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79cc95c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5663bbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"5663bbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;expanded&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9050\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" open>\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9050\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What does \"Mishk\u00edn-Qalam\" mean? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9050\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7958c96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7958c96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b79bfc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b79bfc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&#8220;Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8221; means <em>&#8220;The Musk-scented Jet-Black Pen.&#8221;<\/em> It was an honorific granted to the artist Mirza Husayn by Naser al-Din Shah, the King of Persia, in recognition of his artistry, and he became known by it throughout Persia and beyond.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9051\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9051\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> When and where was Mishk\u00edn-Qalam born? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9051\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-266ea1e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"266ea1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533f27e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533f27e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This biography places his birth in 1824, in Shiraz, in the province of Fars, Persia (modern-day Iran). The published record varies, with dates ranging from about 1810 to 1826, and one account giving his birthplace as Isfahan, where his family lived. The 1824 date is drawn from youth works he inscribed with his own age.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9052\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9052\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How did Mishk\u00edn-Qalam become a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9052\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709aee1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"709aee1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa6ba2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa6ba2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>He first heard of the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed Faith from a believer named Siyyid Mihdi while travelling home to Isfahan. He then set out to find its founder, Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h, was confirmed in the Faith at Aleppo by the teacher Nab\u00edl-i-Zarand\u00ed, and reached Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h in Adrianople, where he became one of his scribes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9053\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9053\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Why was Mishk\u00edn-Qalam imprisoned? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9053\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe3673c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe3673c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10a053b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10a053b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After teaching the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed Faith openly in Constantinople, he was arrested through the influence of the Persian ambassador and exiled. From 1868 to 1877 he was held prisoner in the fortress of Famagusta in Cyprus, and he spent the rest of his life in exile from Persia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9054\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9054\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is Mishk\u00edn-Qalam's most famous work? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9054\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3967731 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3967731\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7d058d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7d058d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>He is best known for his calligraphic design of the Greatest Name, the invocation <em>&#8220;Y\u00e1 Bah\u00e1\u02bcu&#8217;l-Abh\u00e1,&#8221;<\/em> which is still used by Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds worldwide, and for his figural calligraphy, especially a rooster composed of sacred phrases that now hangs in the Harvard Art Museums.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9055\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9055\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><h3 class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What was Mishk\u00edn-Qalam's connection to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith? <\/h3><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9055\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d28b90 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9d28b90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d41c94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d41c94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>He gave up a position at the Persian royal court to follow the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed Faith and became one of the nineteen Apostles of Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h, a small group of his most devoted early followers. His faith came at great personal cost, including arrest, imprisonment in Cyprus, and a lifetime of exile.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40d235e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"40d235e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f82d885 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f82d885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources &amp; Research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87f2226 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87f2226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The biographical research on this site draws on the work of <strong>Dr. Vahid Rafati<\/strong>, head of the research department at the Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00ed World Centre in Haifa; on <strong>Professor Annemarie Schimmel&#8217;s<\/strong> study of his calligraphy; on \u02bbAbdu&#8217;l-Bah\u00e1&#8217;s <em>Memorials of the Faithful<\/em>; on H. M. Balyuzi&#8217;s <em>Eminent Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds in the Time of Bah\u00e1&#8217;u&#8217;ll\u00e1h<\/em>; and on articles by Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s great-grandson <strong>Mehrdad Meshkin<\/strong>, based on family stories, oral history, and genealogy. The accompanying documentary is produced by Mishk\u00edn-Qalam&#8217;s great-great-grandson, <strong>Amir Vala Meshkin<\/strong>, and by <strong>Arman Arian<\/strong>. Reproductions of his art are drawn from <em>Mishk\u00edn-Qalam: XIX Century Artist &amp; Calligrapher<\/em> (Society for Persian Letters &amp; Arts, Landegg Academy, Switzerland; published in Darmstadt, Germany by Reyhani, 1992; ISBN 3906714012) and from the producers&#8217; first-hand visits to public and private collections.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-802f1df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"802f1df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Rafati, Vahid. 1992. <\/span><i style=\"font-weight: inherit;\">Mishk\u00edn Qalam: XIX Century Artist and Calligrapher<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">. Society for Persian Letters and Arts \/ Landegg Academy, Switzerland.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-381f31b elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"381f31b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0275a28\" data-id=\"0275a28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6547a8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6547a8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Official Biography of Mishk\u00edn-Qalam 1824 \u00b7 Shiraz \u2014 1912 \u00b7 \u02bbAkk\u00e1 \u201cA second M\u00edr \u02bbIm\u00e1d\u201d \u2014 poet, astronomer, mystic, and the pen behind the dawn of a new age. Master calligrapher, poet, astronomer, and mystic of 19th-century Persia, and creator of the calligraphic design of the Greatest Name used by Bah\u00e1&#8217;\u00eds worldwide. Mishk\u00edn-Qalam (1824\u20131912), [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-740","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/740","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=740"}],"version-history":[{"count":112,"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/740\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2893,"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/740\/revisions\/2893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mishkinqalam.com\/fa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=740"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}